Calculate electric forces, fields, and potential energy between charged particles with vector analysis and superposition.
Select a mode and enter your charge values to calculate electric forces, fields, or potential energy.
F = k · |q₁q₂| / r²
k ≈ 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C² (Coulomb constant)
E = k · q / r²
Field points away from positive, toward negative charges
U = k · q₁q₂ / r
Positive for like charges, negative for opposite charges
F_net = Σ F_i (vector sum)
Net force is the vector sum of individual forces